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    </div><h1><a href="http://retractionwatch.com/">Retraction Watch</a></h1>
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<h2 id="post-49550"><a href="http://retractionwatch.com/2017/04/26/troubling-new-way-evade-plagiarism-detection-software-tell-used/" rel="bookmark">A troubling new way to evade plagiarism detection software. (And how to tell if it&#8217;s been used.)</a></h2>
<p class="comments"><a href="http://retractionwatch.com/2017/04/26/troubling-new-way-evade-plagiarism-detection-software-tell-used/#comments">with 21 comments</a></p>

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  <div id="attachment_49607" style="width: 210px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img class="size-full wp-image-49607" src="http://retractionwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/thumbnail_Profileshot.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="200" srcset="http://retractionwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/thumbnail_Profileshot.jpg 200w, http://retractionwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/thumbnail_Profileshot-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Ann Rogerson</p></div>
<p>Recently, at the end of a tutorial, a student asked <a href="https://scholars.uow.edu.au/display/ann_rogerson">Ann Rogerson</a> a question she&#8217;d never heard before: Was it okay to use paraphrasing tools to write up assignments? Rogerson, a senior lecturer in the faculty of business at the University of Wollongong in Australia, was stumped &#8212; she&#8217;d never heard of these tools before.</p>
<p>It turns out, the student had learned of the tool from another student. For an assignment, the student had taken wording from a journal article and run it through a free online tool that automatically paraphrases text, so it evades plagiarism detection software.</p>
<p>Immediately, Rogerson remembered wording from a previous student submission that had always bugged her &#8212; in an assignment about employee performance reviews, the student had written awkward phrases such as &#8220;constructive employee execution&#8221; and &#8220;worker execution audits.&#8221; A lightbulb went off for Rogerson.</p>
<p>She immediately went to her computer, looked up the tools on Google, and easily found one. She typed in &#8220;employee performance reviews,&#8221; and the tool spit out &#8220;representative execution surveys.&#8221;</p>
<p><span id="more-49550"></span></p>
<blockquote><p>I had my answer about what the student in the previous session had done.</p></blockquote>
<p>It was a troubling realization, she said:</p>
<blockquote><p>I was shocked by both the ease of use and the poor quality of output.  I was also disappointed that here was something else trying to undermine the student learning process while challenging academic integrity.</p></blockquote>
<p>In a <a href="https://edintegrity.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s40979-016-0013-y">recent paper in the <em>International Journal of Educational Integrity</em></a>, Rogerson and her co-author Grace McCarthy, also at Wollongong, describe what they&#8217;ve learned about these online paraphrasing tools, and the dangers they pose. (For tips on how to recognize when someone has used the tools, see the sidebar below.)</p>
<p>Although the paper focuses on the use of the tools by students, we asked Rogerson if the tools have entered into academic publishing; &#8220;anything is possible,&#8221; she told us:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;however I have no experience or evidence whether professional academics are using the tools for their scholarly publishing.  I have not observed any in the journal articles, book chapters and conference papers I have reviewed to date.  As the tools are freely available, there is nothing to stop anyone using them.  Some of their use may be masked by post-editing of the output to remove or address the errors that they generate.  Post-edited paraphrase tool work would be more difficult to identify, particularly for those outside of a discipline/research area and unfamiliar with specific terminology, formulae or indicators.</p></blockquote>
<p>As we&#8217;ve seen more retractions stemming from third-party manuscript companies which share material between different groups of authors, we asked if it&#8217;s possible these services are employing online paraphrasing tools:</p>
<blockquote><p>It is certainly in the realms of possibility for some less reputable manuscript editing companies to be using the tools or the algorithms behind them particularly where they offer very quick turnaround times and multiple disclaimers&#8230;It comes down to motivation at the end of the day – if editing companies are more concerned about making money through manuscript editing they will look for more ‘cost efficient’ ways to produce their content.  They are less concerned about academic rigour and more concerned about making money quickly.  Genuine editing services offered by qualified editors takes time.</p></blockquote>
<p><a href="http://www.stjohns.edu/academics/bio/miguel-roig">Miguel Roig</a> at St. John&#8217;s University, who has <a href="https://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-other-questionable-writing-practices-guide-ethical-writing">written extensively about the problem of plagiarism</a>, told us he is concerned about paraphrasing tools &#8212; which he suspects at least one of his students may have used in the past:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;I believe that, as with spell-checkers, [where] the lack of effort in looking up a correct spelling of words likely reduces the probability of retaining the correct spelling of words, the similar lack of mental effort required to come up with a good summary/paraphrase will similarly retard the acquisition of this most important of writing skills in inexperienced writers. After all, like many other skills, the ability to produce good paraphrases or summaries of others&#8217; work takes practice with considerable mental effort. There are no short-cuts; you have to learn by doing.</p></blockquote>
<p>Roig &#8212; who is also a <a href="http://retractionwatch.com/the-center-for-scientific-integrity/board-of-directors/">member of the board of our parent non-profit organization</a> &#8212; added that he wouldn&#8217;t be surprised if some third-party editing companies had used paraphrasing tools to some extent.</p>
<p><a href="http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/11/why-plagiarism-is-such-a-problem-for-german-phds-qa-with-debora-weber-wulff/">Debora Weber-Wulff</a>, another plagiarism expert based at the University of Applied Sciences HTW Berlin in Germany, noted this newer crop of tools shows how difficult it is to quickly determine if a paper has been plagiarized. (Indeed, after Rogerson and McCarthy ran a section of their own work through two paraphrasing tools, the plagiarism detection software Turnitin recognized only a 50% and 30% match to the original). According to Weber-Wulff:</p>
<blockquote><p>This is why dreams of finding the perfect plagiarism detection system are doomed to failure. The &#8220;other side&#8221;, if you will, will come up with better disguises. We have to find other ways of teaching and enforcing good academic practice.</p></blockquote>
<p>Weber-Wulff added that she is confident paraphrasing tools have already worked their way into the academic literature:</p>
<blockquote><p>Any time you see a paper published (probably in a predatory journal) where the sentences do not make sense, you can guess that something like this is happening&#8230;The tools are pitched to the individual, but of course can be used by [third-party] editing companies. I get all sorts of offers of such services all the time and they do use a variety of tools.</p></blockquote>
<p>Rogerson is now trying to raise awareness of the problem for the next generation of professional authors:</p>
<blockquote><p>I openly discuss their existence in class demonstrating how poor the tools actually are along with my encouraging student questions about originality, citations and acknowledgements when preparing for assignments.  Confronting the issue is important therefore I work with students on how to learn and develop paraphrasing skills without using an online tool.  Just because some online tools can easily and correctly convert temperature, distance and currency does not mean that Internet based text tools can be relied upon the same way.  The only way of bringing it to light is to talk and write about it.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>SIDEBAR: How to identify text modified by a paraphrasing tool</strong></p>
<p>Over time, Rogerson has developed some clues that tip her off when text has been tweaked by paraphrasing tools. For instance, her suspicions rise when she sees &#8220;inappropriate terminology related to the subject context:&#8221;</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;for example the tools in the experiment changed ‘plagiarism’ to ‘copyright infringement’, the other used ‘counterfeiting’&#8230;The change in terminology and meaning is a clue as the tools work around synonyms rather than semantic meaning.</p></blockquote>
<p>And if Rogerson sees a citation near the inappropriate terminology, she&#8217;ll go to the original text and do a short test-run:</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;I will source the citation and check the terminology in the original.  Taking a few sentences or the abstract and running it through a tool can give insight whether a tool may have been involved in the alteration of terms and definitions.</p></blockquote>
<p>Some other clues: A paper includes unusual strings of works &#8212; &#8220;word salads&#8221; &#8212; where the phrases don&#8217;t make sense; or a reliance on only older references, without anything related to more current thinking.</p>
<blockquote><p>&#8230;it may be perfectly acceptable and expected to have some old references in some papers referring to seminal works, or when updating concepts or historical retrospectives.  However if there is a reliance on older publications without any reference to current thinking or research (particularly where the references are not highly cited/regarded) it may be worth doing a little more digging.</p></blockquote>
<p>To illustrate, we put the above quote into one of the many paraphrasing tools we found online. Here&#8217;s how it would read:</p>
<blockquote><p>it might be splendidly worthy and anticipated that would have some old references in a few papers alluding to original works, or when refreshing ideas or authentic reviews. Nonetheless if there is a dependence on more seasoned distributions with no reference to momentum thinking or research (especially where the references are not exceedingly refered to/respected) it might be worth doing somewhat more burrowing.</p></blockquote>
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    <p>Written by Alison McCook <span class="edit"></span></p>
    <p>April 26th, 2017 at 9:30 am</p>
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    <p>Posted in <a href="http://retractionwatch.com/category/by-country/australia-retractions/" rel="category tag">australia retractions</a>,<a href="http://retractionwatch.com/category/by-reason-for-retraction/plagiarism/" rel="category tag">plagiarism</a></p>
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    <li id="comment-1314536" class="comment even thread-even depth-1 with-avatar">

      <div id="div-comment-1314536" class="comment-body">

        <div class="comment-author-avatar"><img alt='' src='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a53b2d8ce4afa90073f85ef0f9d98711?s=64&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/a53b2d8ce4afa90073f85ef0f9d98711?s=128&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' /><span class="avatar-overlay"></span></div>        <div class="comment-content">
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            <cite class="fn">Samir Hachani</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 10:22 am</span>
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          <div class="comment-text">
            <p>Does not human lowliness have an end ? Have we reached the bottom or are still digging  deeper ?</p>
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        <div class="comment-author-avatar"><img alt='' src='http://2.gravatar.com/avatar/8e56ce3e73ddd78568ad08dbd50615b4?s=64&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='http://2.gravatar.com/avatar/8e56ce3e73ddd78568ad08dbd50615b4?s=128&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' /><span class="avatar-overlay"></span></div>        <div class="comment-content">
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            <cite class="fn">RW</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 10:54 am</span>
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            <p>It staggers me that a student would be so brainless and amoral that they would ask their tutor if they could use such a tool.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">PWK</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 9:54 pm</span>
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            <p>Must disagree on this one.  Student are there precisely to learn.  Mostly the focus on plagiarism is on copying the words of others.  There has to be special emphasis on the &#8220;ideas and concepts&#8221;.  A lecture I give specifically highlights paraphrasing.  The fact that the student asked the question means that the student did not have the information.  Our failing, not the students.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Matt</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 11:13 am</span>
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            <p>A disturbing novel method to avoid copyright infringement apps.</p>
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        <div class="comment-author-avatar"><img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/96a5ff8631a600f14283750324032ca8?s=64&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/96a5ff8631a600f14283750324032ca8?s=128&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' /><span class="avatar-overlay"></span></div>        <div class="comment-content">
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            <cite class="fn">John H Noble Jr</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 12:27 pm</span>
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            <p>I would think the &#8220;word salad&#8221; that is produced by the new paraphrasing software creates the rebuttal presumption that it has been used. Instructors should make known in their syllabi that they routinely use plagiarism detection software like Turnitin.com and prohibit student use of paraphrasing software. The instructor should also promise that s/he will require the student to explain &#8220;word salad&#8221; and will grade the student&#8217;s production accordingly.</p>
<p>I have no idea what to do about the researchers or publishers who pollute the literature . . . except to disbelieve their crap and avoid citing it.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Hunter Heath III</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 2:25 pm</span>
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            <p>Many studies document widespread cheating, including plagiarism, among American university students, even at the most prestigious schools. These problems will continue as long as they are allowed, meaning that harsh sanctions will be needed to stem the tide. In fairness to the students, the significance and potentially lifelong consequences of academic cheating should be taught repeatedly, so there can be no doubt of their understanding.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Brandon</cite>
            <span class="date">May 1, 2017 at 7:59 am</span>
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            <p>The problem is there is no incentive for anyone to stop the cheating. The schools make money from cheaters, the faculty are too busy to do the paperwork (especially against many students) and the students get degrees.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Sarah</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 2:42 pm</span>
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            <p>Another option: Require students to both write a paper and give a presentation. Only feasible for small class sizes, of course.</p>
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        <div class="comment-author-avatar"><img alt='' src='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/773418f8adef81ee3aa8738a051bfbdd?s=64&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/773418f8adef81ee3aa8738a051bfbdd?s=128&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' /><span class="avatar-overlay"></span></div>        <div class="comment-content">
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            <cite class="fn">Regret</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 3:03 pm</span>
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            <p>I expect that plagiarism tools will improve faster than detection methods.  See <a href="http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/58849/20170426/google-neural-machine-technology-added.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/58849/20170426/google-neural-machine-technology-added.htm</a> for how AI-based tools are improving translation techniques.  As spell-checking tools reduced the value of investing in human-based spelling skills, and as computers reduced the value of human-based computing skills, I think a similar thing will happen as use of AI influences many fields.</p>
<p>or said another way:<br />
I expect that written falsification apparatuses will enhance speedier than discovery techniques. See <a href="http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/58849/20170426/google-neural-machine-innovation" rel="nofollow">http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/58849/20170426/google-neural-machine-innovation</a> added.htm for how AI-based devices are enhancing interpretation strategies. As spell-checking instruments decreased the benefit of putting resources into human-based spelling aptitudes, and as PCs diminished the estimation of human-based processing abilities, I think a comparable thing will occur as utilization of AI impacts many fields. [i guess we&#8217;re not there yet]</p>
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            <cite class="fn"><a href='http://copy-shake-paste.blogspot.de/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Debora Weber-Wulff</a></cite>
            <span class="date">April 27, 2017 at 10:41 am</span>
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            <p>So-called &#8220;AI&#8221; will not solve all the problems of the world. I prefer to use the traditional name &#8220;statistics&#8221; when speaking about machine learning and &#8220;probabilities&#8221; when dealing with neural networks. There are certain classes of problem that lend themselves to &#8220;good enough&#8221; statistical solutions. Plagiarism detection is not one of them. False positives can destroy a student-teacher relationship or a career; false negatives let people off who have cheated. We need to invest more in education and prevention, and not foist off the responsibility for determining plagiarism to a software tool.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">blatnoi</cite>
            <span class="date">April 26, 2017 at 8:10 pm</span>
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            <p>This just shows you, that if you want to write a decent medical school entrance essay, there is no substitute for paying decent enough money a bottom up writing service you find advertising on Craigslist for one.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Klavs Hansen</cite>
            <span class="date">April 27, 2017 at 7:13 am</span>
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            <p>Google Translate will produce the same kind of gibberish. Use it back and forth between languages and you have your obfuscator. And the quality of that device may sadly actually improve with time.<br />
Which reminds me of the story of the high school student who handed in an essay for the German class. His mother swore that she saw him write it. Problem was that it was written in Dutch, not in Deutsch (which is German for &#8216;German&#8217;).</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Derek Pyne</cite>
            <span class="date">April 28, 2017 at 6:36 am</span>
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            <p>Students have done that at my university.  It can actually be harder to catch them this way.  When I get an international student who I know to have horrible English hand in a paper with good English and an advanced writing style, I automatically Google a few lines to try to see where they copied it from.  However, this would likely come back with English as bad as I would expect.<br />
In addition, even if one suspected a student did this, proving it would be very hard.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">TL</cite>
            <span class="date">April 27, 2017 at 8:49 am</span>
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            <p>I don&#8217;t see this as making much of a difference. Articles consisting of extensive passages of word salad are unlikely to pass the muster in any real peer review. This means they will end up in fourth rate predatory journals, where plagiarised content already sails through.</p>
<p>What it could do is make things even harder for non-English speaking scientists who use awkward sentence constructs or improper synonyms for words because they don&#8217;t understand the difference in context. Their papers could now be rejected not only because of the poor language, but because of accusations of &#8220;paraphrasing tool&#8221; usage.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">MEK</cite>
            <span class="date">April 27, 2017 at 12:02 pm</span>
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            <p>This horrifies me as a former academic and current academic publisher.<br />
Nevertheless, something about this &#8220;paraphrase tool&#8221; and detection of its use bothers me a bit.  I have increasingly struggled with the notions of plagiarism and paraphrasing as I push papers through the usual detection tools and get results that have paragraphs like rainbows &#8211; each sentence a different color, but no sentence without tint.<br />
If you &#8220;paraphrase&#8221; something &#8211; whether manually or by machine &#8211; by just using some/any synonym &#8211; are you actually adding anything at all to the content, or to the scholarly discussion of the original work?  Why is so important that you generate novel text rather than quote the well-explained, well-written original?<br />
I can&#8217;t say I&#8217;ve got a good answer to that.  I quail at the thought of a long paper that is just strung-together quotes of other people&#8217;s work (although quotation and citation would be an improvement over the current mix-n-match sentences without citation).  However, if I say &#8220;this suggests a cellular mechanism to detect increasing concentration gradients of X&#8221; rather than quoting &#8220;&#8230;this implies a cellular system that senses a gradient of increasing concentration of X&#8221; &#8211; am I &#8230; accomplishing anything as a scholar or am I just a non-automated paraphrase engine?<br />
In the hard sciences, a lot of what I encounter in &#8220;plagiarism detection&#8221; is the attempt to create a novel phrase for a very common statement of knowledge/method.  The novelty needed is not in phrasing of the language but in phrasing a biological question empirically so it can add to the knowledge of the system.<br />
In Humanities, there is more use of large block-quotes &#8211; because the scholarly contribution consists of a new interpretation of a text, a context, or a body of work.  </p>
<p>You can&#8217;t copyright an idea, only the expression of an idea&#8230;but that does leave us with this strange gymnastic attempt to bend-around language in order to say &#8220;this idea was great and I want to add to it.&#8221;</p>
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        <div class="comment-author-avatar"><img alt='' src='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f6b4d72af3547580755a15b36eb1fbbc?s=32&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f6b4d72af3547580755a15b36eb1fbbc?s=64&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-32 photo' height='32' width='32' /><span class="avatar-overlay"></span></div>       <div class="comment-content">
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            <cite class="fn">aceil</cite>
            <span class="date">April 28, 2017 at 10:01 am</span>
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            <p>&#8221; Why is so important that you generate novel text rather than quote the well-explained, well-written original?&#8221;</p>
<p>Absolutely, paraphrasing does not generate novel text!</p>
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            <cite class="fn">diana kornbrot</cite>
            <span class="date">April 28, 2017 at 4:36 am</span>
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            <p>colorless green idea sleep furiously &#8211; to quote Chomsky<br />
frightening. thanks. sadly applying these rules is going to be time consuming<br />
how about a student exercise, where each students is given 3 of their classmates submissions to check?</p>
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        <div class="comment-author-avatar"><img alt='' src='http://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b31312f8843f44a1e25b984098f1efbc?s=64&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='http://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b31312f8843f44a1e25b984098f1efbc?s=128&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-64 photo' height='64' width='64' /><span class="avatar-overlay"></span></div>        <div class="comment-content">
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            <cite class="fn">foundaplagiarist</cite>
            <span class="date">April 28, 2017 at 8:13 am</span>
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            <p>Another sneaky method is to provide essays/papers in pdf format with custom character sets displaying a readable plagiarized text while the actual characters are gibberish like &#8220;*x2tg2154g&#8221;. Automatic detection will find nothing unless you manually copy individual sentences.</p>
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            <cite class="fn"><a href='http://facpub.stjohns.edu/~roigm' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Miguel Roig</a></cite>
            <span class="date">April 28, 2017 at 11:01 am</span>
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          <div class="comment-text">
            <p>Turnitin, one of the most widely used text overlap detection services for student work can apparently overcome this trick: </p>
<p><a href="http://turnitin.com/en_us/resources/blog/421-general/1650-can-students-trick-turnitin" rel="nofollow">http://turnitin.com/en_us/resources/blog/421-general/1650-can-students-trick-turnitin</a></p>
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            <cite class="fn"><a href='http://frederickguy.com' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Frederick Guy</a></cite>
            <span class="date">May 1, 2017 at 5:26 pm</span>
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          <div class="comment-text">
            <p>I have read several essays this year that I would bet are the product of such tools &#8211; they were well structured overall, as if a &#8220;real&#8221; essay had been the raw material; the sentences were grammatically correct and used a sophisticated, but very awkward, vocabulary; and they were almost impossible to read. Turnitin was no help.</p>
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            <cite class="fn">Marco</cite>
            <span class="date">May 4, 2017 at 1:35 pm</span>
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            <p>I was just informed of this tool, a Word add-in:<br />
<a href="http://www.ref-n-write.com/trial/" rel="nofollow">http://www.ref-n-write.com/trial/</a><br />
It includes paraphrasing suggestions</p>
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  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2017/04/'> April 2017 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2017/03/'> March 2017 &nbsp;(57)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2017/02/'> February 2017 &nbsp;(44)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2017/01/'> January 2017 &nbsp;(48)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/12/'> December 2016 &nbsp;(59)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/11/'> November 2016 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/10/'> October 2016 &nbsp;(65)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/09/'> September 2016 &nbsp;(69)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/08/'> August 2016 &nbsp;(64)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/07/'> July 2016 &nbsp;(64)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/06/'> June 2016 &nbsp;(77)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/05/'> May 2016 &nbsp;(73)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/04/'> April 2016 &nbsp;(66)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/03/'> March 2016 &nbsp;(74)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/02/'> February 2016 &nbsp;(74)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2016/01/'> January 2016 &nbsp;(66)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/12/'> December 2015 &nbsp;(68)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/11/'> November 2015 &nbsp;(66)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/10/'> October 2015 &nbsp;(65)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/09/'> September 2015 &nbsp;(64)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/08/'> August 2015 &nbsp;(59)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/07/'> July 2015 &nbsp;(64)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/06/'> June 2015 &nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/05/'> May 2015 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/04/'> April 2015 &nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/03/'> March 2015 &nbsp;(56)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/02/'> February 2015 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2015/01/'> January 2015 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/12/'> December 2014 &nbsp;(55)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/11/'> November 2014 &nbsp;(50)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/10/'> October 2014 &nbsp;(57)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/09/'> September 2014 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/08/'> August 2014 &nbsp;(54)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/07/'> July 2014 &nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/06/'> June 2014 &nbsp;(52)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/05/'> May 2014 &nbsp;(51)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/04/'> April 2014 &nbsp;(59)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/03/'> March 2014 &nbsp;(57)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/02/'> February 2014 &nbsp;(50)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2014/01/'> January 2014 &nbsp;(59)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/12/'> December 2013 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/11/'> November 2013 &nbsp;(54)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/10/'> October 2013 &nbsp;(47)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/09/'> September 2013 &nbsp;(46)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/08/'> August 2013 &nbsp;(49)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/07/'> July 2013 &nbsp;(42)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/06/'> June 2013 &nbsp;(36)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/05/'> May 2013 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/04/'> April 2013 &nbsp;(59)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/03/'> March 2013 &nbsp;(53)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/02/'> February 2013 &nbsp;(49)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2013/01/'> January 2013 &nbsp;(62)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/12/'> December 2012 &nbsp;(42)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/11/'> November 2012 &nbsp;(43)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/10/'> October 2012 &nbsp;(46)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/09/'> September 2012 &nbsp;(39)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/08/'> August 2012 &nbsp;(38)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/07/'> July 2012 &nbsp;(44)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/06/'> June 2012 &nbsp;(39)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/05/'> May 2012 &nbsp;(31)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/04/'> April 2012 &nbsp;(29)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/03/'> March 2012 &nbsp;(31)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/02/'> February 2012 &nbsp;(31)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2012/01/'> January 2012 &nbsp;(32)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/12/'> December 2011 &nbsp;(27)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/11/'> November 2011 &nbsp;(19)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/10/'> October 2011 &nbsp;(29)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/09/'> September 2011 &nbsp;(31)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/08/'> August 2011 &nbsp;(26)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/07/'> July 2011 &nbsp;(22)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/06/'> June 2011 &nbsp;(21)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/05/'> May 2011 &nbsp;(24)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/04/'> April 2011 &nbsp;(18)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/03/'> March 2011 &nbsp;(23)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/02/'> February 2011 &nbsp;(26)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2011/01/'> January 2011 &nbsp;(29)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2010/12/'> December 2010 &nbsp;(24)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2010/11/'> November 2010 &nbsp;(21)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2010/10/'> October 2010 &nbsp;(18)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2010/09/'> September 2010 &nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option value='http://retractionwatch.com/2010/08/'> August 2010 &nbsp;(15)</option>

    </select>
    <h3>Retraction posts by author, country, journal, subject, and type</h3><label class="screen-reader-text" for="cat">Retraction posts by author, country, journal, subject, and type</label><select  name='cat' id='cat' class='postform' >
  <option value='-1'>Select Category</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="585">ask retraction watch&nbsp;&nbsp;(44)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="54">best of retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="744">by author&nbsp;&nbsp;(755)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="619">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;alfredo fusco&nbsp;&nbsp;(12)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="149">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;alirio melendez&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="626">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;amine bahi&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="37">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;amy wagers retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="738">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;andrew ochroch retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;andrew wakefield retraction&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1303">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;angela adrian&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="672">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anil jaiswal&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anil potti retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(39)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1772">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Anna Ahimastos&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="974">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ariel fernandez&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1107">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arturo casadevall&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="743">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;axel ullrich retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="651">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ayden jacob&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="652">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;benjamin jacob hayempour&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="557">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bezouska&nbsp;&nbsp;(9)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="487">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bharat aggarwal&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="748">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carsten carlberg retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1498">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;christopher bielawski&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="440">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cory toth&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="854">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Craig Hill&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="438">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;curi&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="357">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daniele fanelli&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1688">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;David Latchman&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1472">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;David Vaux&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="322">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diederik stapel&nbsp;&nbsp;(42)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="193">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dipak das&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="290">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dirk smeesters&nbsp;&nbsp;(9)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="505">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don poldermans&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="642">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dong-pyou han&nbsp;&nbsp;(12)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="753">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;edward erin retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="264">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;edward shang&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1045">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elke geraerts&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="441">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eric smart&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1393">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fazlul Sarkar&nbsp;&nbsp;(18)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="133">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ferric fang&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="635">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gazdar&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="630">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gilles seralini&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1346">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gizem donmez&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="43">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grant steen&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="83">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;granville sewell&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="740">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gressner retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="230">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hiroaki Matsubara&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="331">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hyung-in moon&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1689">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jacob Hanna&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1604">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;James Hunton&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="42">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jatinder ahluwalia&nbsp;&nbsp;(14)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1275">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jens forster&nbsp;&nbsp;(13)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="364">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jesus angel lemus&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="51">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;joachim boldt retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="105">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;judy mikovits&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1633">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kenji okajima&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1318">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;klarlund pedersen&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1573">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lacour&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="964">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;laurence cole&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="303">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lawrence sanna&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="757">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lazar greenfield retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1060">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Levon Khachigian&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="26">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;linda buck retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="86">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;liz wager&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="20">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marc hauser retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1485">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mario saad&nbsp;&nbsp;(18)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1263">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mart bax&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="351">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;michael hertl retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="615">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;michael joanna&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="876">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;michael karin&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="197">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;michael w miller&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="104">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;milena penkowa retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(13)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="639">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;naoki mori retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(15)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1385">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nasser chegini&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1341">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nobutu Yamamoto&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1598">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;noriyuki takai&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="680">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;obokata&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1531">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;olivier voinnet&nbsp;&nbsp;(19)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="623">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pankaj dhonukshe&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="909">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paolo Macchiarini&nbsp;&nbsp;(29)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1211">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peter Nijkamp&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="99">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;petter portin retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1337">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Phyllis Wise&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1306">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rakesh kumar&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2075">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ranjit Kumar Chandra&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1590">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;richard flavell&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="595">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rk singhal&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="188">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;robert getzenberg&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="250">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;robert schwarzenbacher&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1518">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;robert weinberg&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="587">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sam w. lee&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="129">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sangiliyandi gurunathan&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="31">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;savio woo&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scott reuben retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="779">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scott weber&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="253">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shigeaki kato&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="119">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shou wei han retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="67">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;silvia bulfone-paus retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="478">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sk sahoo&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="593">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;steven shafer&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="771">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thienhuong N. Hoang&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="58">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tommy andersson retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="307">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ulrich lichtenthaler&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1300">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;walumbwa&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1207">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Weijmar Schultz&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="59">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;william hamman retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="665">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xia Jiahong&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="827">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yoshitaka Fujii&nbsp;&nbsp;(12)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="784">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yoshiyuki hattori&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="125">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zhiguo wang&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="745">by country&nbsp;&nbsp;(3,071)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1433">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Africa&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1586">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Algeria&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="575">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;argentina&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2225">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Armenia&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="72">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;australia retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(92)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="249">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;austria&nbsp;&nbsp;(18)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1379">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;azerbaijan&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1556">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bahrain&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="688">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bangladesh&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="311">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;belgium&nbsp;&nbsp;(15)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="889">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;botswana&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="77">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brazil&nbsp;&nbsp;(56)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1847">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bulgaria&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="32">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;canada&nbsp;&nbsp;(115)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2003">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Central African Republic&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="984">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chile&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="23">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;china retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(325)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1832">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Colombia&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="223">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;congo&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="371">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;croatia&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="911">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cuba&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2161">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cyprus&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="558">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;czech republic&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="100">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;denmark retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(34)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="236">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;egypt retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(36)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="875">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Estonia&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1023">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ethiopia&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="98">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;finland retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(19)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="224">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;france&nbsp;&nbsp;(74)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="50">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;germany retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(171)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="378">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;greece&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1777">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;guatemala&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1439">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hong Kong&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1382">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hungary&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1765">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Iceland&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="48">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;india retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(166)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="963">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indonesia&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="213">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iran retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(76)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2121">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Iraq&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="527">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ireland&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="157">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;israel retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(27)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="202">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;italy retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(105)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="110">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;japan retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(166)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1999">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jordan&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1197">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kazakhstan&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1236">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kenya&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="172">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;korea retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(79)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2080">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kosovo&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="983">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kuwait&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="703">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;latvia&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="945">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lebanon&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="922">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lithuania&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="647">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;luxembourg retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="548">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;malaysia&nbsp;&nbsp;(20)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1489">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mauritius&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="408">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mexico&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="599">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moldova&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1328">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;montenegro&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="388">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;morocco&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="655">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nepal&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="528">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;new zealand&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="389">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nigeria&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="282">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;norway&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="88">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pakistan retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(15)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1657">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peru&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="600">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;philippines&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="720">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;poland&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1430">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Qatar&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="380">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;romania&nbsp;&nbsp;(13)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="178">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;russia&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="375">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saudi arabia&nbsp;&nbsp;(26)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="930">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;serbia&nbsp;&nbsp;(13)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="151">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;singapore&nbsp;&nbsp;(36)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1507">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Singapore&nbsp;&nbsp;(14)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1527">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Slovakia&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="170">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;slovenia&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="574">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;south africa&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="167">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spain&nbsp;&nbsp;(69)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="867">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sri lanka&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="376">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sudan&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="57">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sweden retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="280">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;switzerland&nbsp;&nbsp;(45)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="218">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;taiwan&nbsp;&nbsp;(34)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="141">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tunisia&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="49">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;turkey retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(43)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="711">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uganda&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="12">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uk retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(180)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1258">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ukraine&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="206">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;united arab emirates retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(9)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="13">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;united states&nbsp;&nbsp;(1,132)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="269">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vietnam&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="134">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;boston university&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="122">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brown retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="261">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;columbia retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="6">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;duke retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(32)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="118">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emory retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="19">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;harvard&nbsp;&nbsp;(46)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1036">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;karolinska institutet&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1600">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Northwestern University&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="755">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spirocor&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="900">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university of florida&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="120">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university of louisville retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="806">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university of michigan&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="384">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university of waterloo&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="205">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ACS Nano&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1825">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Acta Astronautica&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="248">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acta crystallographica section f&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="369">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acta radiologica&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="632">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am j med&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1423">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am j pathology&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="219">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am j resp cell mol bio&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="317">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am j resp critical care med&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1864">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Am J Roentgenology&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1712">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am j transplantation&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1252">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;am marketing assoc&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1142">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Behavioral Scientist&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="221">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Journal of Plant Sciences&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="130">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;american journal of psychiatry&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="754">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;american journal of the medical sciences&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="850">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;american journal of transplantation&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="644">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;andrology&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="47">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anesthesia &amp; analgesia retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(13)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1201">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anesthesia essays and researches&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1664">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Anesthesiology&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;angewandte chemie&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="126">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;angiogenesis (journal) retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="256">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;angiology&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="468">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;animal&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="498">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;animal conservation&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="503">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annals of applied statistics&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1989">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Annals of Neurology&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="2099">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Annals of Physics&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="415">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annals of saudi medicine&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1735">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Annals of Surgery&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1284">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annals of the rheumatic diseases&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="908">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annals of thoracic surgery&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="835">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annals royal college surgeons uk&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1957">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Annals Surgical Oncol&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1019">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annual review of sex research&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="361">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;annual reviews&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="598">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anthropology&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1970">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anticancer drugs&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1767">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Antimicrob Agents and Chemo&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="171">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;antioxidants &amp; redox signaling&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1113">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Antipode&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="696">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aphasiology&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="486">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;apoptosis&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1218">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;appetite&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1172">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Applied Catalysis A: General&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1918">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Applied Catalysis B: Environ&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1885">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Applied Math and Comput&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="81">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;applied mathematics letters retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="531">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;applied microbiol biotechnol&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="262">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;applied physics letters&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1203">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;applied sciences&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1111">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;applied surface science&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="295">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arch int med&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="271">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arch otol head neck surg&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="1551">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Archives of Trauma Research&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1567">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ardeola&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1814">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Argumentation&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
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  <option class="level-1" value="966">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;water resources research&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1250">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wear&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1280">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wetlands ecology management&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2037">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;World J Bio Psychiatry&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2137">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;World J Clin Pediatrics&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1769">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;World J Emergency Surgery&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1449">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="762">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world journal of surgery&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="886">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world journal of surgical oncology&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2119">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xenotransplantation&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="721">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zoomorphology&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1288">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zoonoses and public health&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1821">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zygote&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="1364">by paywall status&nbsp;&nbsp;(2,212)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="114">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;behind a paywall&nbsp;&nbsp;(160)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="24">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;freely available&nbsp;&nbsp;(2,095)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="1360">by publisher&nbsp;&nbsp;(2,162)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1322">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AAAS&nbsp;&nbsp;(41)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="495">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acad business research inst&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="716">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;academic journals&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1858">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ACOEM&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="233">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ACS&nbsp;&nbsp;(48)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1131">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aip publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1897">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AlphaMedPress&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1129">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ame publishing company&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1607">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Accounting Association&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1441">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Association for Cancer Research&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1443">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Diabetes Association&nbsp;&nbsp;(15)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1474">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Heart Association&nbsp;&nbsp;(12)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1502">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;American Water Works Association&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1870">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ASCO&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2082">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Avicena&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2138">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baishideng Publishing Group&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2228">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Barcaray&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="843">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bentham&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1434">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bioline&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1691">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BioPublisher&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1822">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cambridge Univ Press&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1606">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian Academic Accounting Association&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1343">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian Science Publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1041">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cancer intelligence&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2172">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CDC&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1049">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;coaction&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1562">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;company of biologists&nbsp;&nbsp;(9)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1708">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CSIRO&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1868">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;David Publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1495">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;de boeck&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1260">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;degruyter&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1376">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dentmedpub&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1746">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dove Press&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1240">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;e-Century Publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1009">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;edp&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="7">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;elsevier&nbsp;&nbsp;(576)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="137">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cell press&nbsp;&nbsp;(60)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="563">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emerald&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1478">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Endocrine Society&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1622">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;European Ctr for Disease Prevention and Control&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="620">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;f1000research&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2251">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gavin&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2052">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Global Journals&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1979">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hikari&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="297">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hindawi&nbsp;&nbsp;(33)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1714">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IGM Publisher&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2173">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IMED&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1415">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;impact journals&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="237">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;informa healthcare&nbsp;&nbsp;(30)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="489">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ingenta&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="707">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;intech&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1504">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IOP Publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1447">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ISPACS&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2211">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ivyspring&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2239">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J-Stage&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1639">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Johns Hopkins University Press&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="208">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;karger&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2132">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kowsar&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="995">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;libertas academica&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1166">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;m e sharpe&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1005">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;maney&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="173">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mary ann liebert&nbsp;&nbsp;(32)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1743">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MDPI&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1635">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mediterranean Ctr of Social and Educational Res&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1084">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;medknow&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="507">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;metapress&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1431">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NAS&nbsp;&nbsp;(15)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="240">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nature publishing group&nbsp;&nbsp;(136)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1778">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;palgrave macmillan&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1458">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NIOC Health Organization&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1997">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;NOAA&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="363">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;omics publishing group&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="146">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oxford university press&nbsp;&nbsp;(51)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1105">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;page press&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1025">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;palgrave&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1149">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;professional medical publications&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="621">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Psych Open&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1377">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;royal society publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(13)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="366">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rsc publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1486">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SAE International&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="257">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sage&nbsp;&nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2094">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;SAVAP&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="276">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scientific research publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(12)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1401">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scirp&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1461">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sociedade Brasileira de Química&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="132">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society journal retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(418)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1455">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Society of Neuroscience&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1127">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Spandidos&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="164">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;springer retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(319)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="22">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;biomedcentral&nbsp;&nbsp;(80)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="288">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;taylor and francis&nbsp;&nbsp;(101)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1582">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Touch Medical Media&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1577">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Triton&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="2097">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ubiquity Press&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1308">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wiley&nbsp;&nbsp;(134)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="160">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wiley retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(229)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="182">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wolters kluwer lippincott&nbsp;&nbsp;(62)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="562">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world scientific publishing&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="1367">by reason for retraction&nbsp;&nbsp;(3,061)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="511">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;author objections&nbsp;&nbsp;(114)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1418">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;author unresponsive&nbsp;&nbsp;(12)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="192">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;authorship issues&nbsp;&nbsp;(178)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="509">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;breach of ethical policy&nbsp;&nbsp;(69)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="296">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;citation manipulation&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="718">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;company complaints&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1456">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;data issues&nbsp;&nbsp;(230)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="787">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dismissed&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="673">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;disputed data&nbsp;&nbsp;(121)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="62">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doing the right thing&nbsp;&nbsp;(141)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="87">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;duplication retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(490)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="343">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;erroneous data&nbsp;&nbsp;(170)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="101">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;expression of concern&nbsp;&nbsp;(130)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="147">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;failure to disclose COI&nbsp;&nbsp;(43)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1234">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;failure to pay fees&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="475">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fake credentials&nbsp;&nbsp;(14)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="41">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;faked data&nbsp;&nbsp;(432)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="302">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;faked emails&nbsp;&nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1007">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;figure misuse&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="156">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for legal reasons&nbsp;&nbsp;(28)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="169">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forged authorship&nbsp;&nbsp;(52)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="45">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;image manipulation&nbsp;&nbsp;(526)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="235">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;investigator error&nbsp;&nbsp;(214)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="163">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lack of balance&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="52">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lack of IRB approval&nbsp;&nbsp;(77)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1715">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Legal Threats&nbsp;&nbsp;(94)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="154">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mega-corrections&nbsp;&nbsp;(51)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1508">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;methodological problems&nbsp;&nbsp;(102)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1995">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;miscommunication&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="28">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;misconduct investigations&nbsp;&nbsp;(497)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1977">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;misidentified cell lines&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="281">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;misused data&nbsp;&nbsp;(56)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="8">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not reproducible&nbsp;&nbsp;(315)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="532">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;notice of redundant publication&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1614">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;notice of redundant publication&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="735">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;objections to criticism&nbsp;&nbsp;(17)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="194">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ori investigations&nbsp;&nbsp;(120)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="128">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pass the buck retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="34">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plagiarism&nbsp;&nbsp;(453)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1528">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;misuse of plagiarism detection software&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1493">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plagiarism euphemisms&nbsp;&nbsp;(16)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="36">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;publisher error&nbsp;&nbsp;(70)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="161">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;publishing bans&nbsp;&nbsp;(21)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="540">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reference problems&nbsp;&nbsp;(41)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1381">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;refusal to pay fees&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="687">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;self peer review&nbsp;&nbsp;(44)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="828">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;society error&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1925">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Third party&nbsp;&nbsp;(14)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="113">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unhelpful retraction notices&nbsp;&nbsp;(142)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="471">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unreliable findings&nbsp;&nbsp;(178)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1968">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;withdrawal&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="582">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;withdrawn patient consent&nbsp;&nbsp;(14)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="64">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wrong reagents&nbsp;&nbsp;(38)</option>
  <option class="level-0" value="1362">by subject&nbsp;&nbsp;(2,787)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="427">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;accounting&nbsp;&nbsp;(7)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="481">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;architecture&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="14">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;basic life sciences retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(942)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="704">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;biochemistry&nbsp;&nbsp;(36)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1597">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cancer biology&nbsp;&nbsp;(137)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="17">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cell biology&nbsp;&nbsp;(343)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="198">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;crystallography retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(11)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="15">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;genetics retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(137)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="453">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;life sciences&nbsp;&nbsp;(8)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1595">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;molecular biology&nbsp;&nbsp;(187)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="27">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neuroscience retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(174)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1459">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pathology&nbsp;&nbsp;(24)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1627">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Plant biology&nbsp;&nbsp;(46)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="417">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;business&nbsp;&nbsp;(23)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="286">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cartography&nbsp;&nbsp;(2)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="5">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;clinical study retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(1,238)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="610">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anatomy&nbsp;&nbsp;(31)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anesthesia retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(49)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1836">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bioethics&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="124">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cardiology retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(143)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="792">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cardiovascular research&nbsp;&nbsp;(58)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="422">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dentistry&nbsp;&nbsp;(27)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="139">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dermatology retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(24)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="352">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diabetes&nbsp;&nbsp;(70)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1185">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;drug design&nbsp;&nbsp;(39)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1863">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;epidemiology&nbsp;&nbsp;(4)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="483">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gastroenterology&nbsp;&nbsp;(20)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1618">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Geriatric medicine&nbsp;&nbsp;(26)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="66">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;immunology retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(115)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="25">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;infectious disease&nbsp;&nbsp;(121)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="777">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nursing retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(10)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="354">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nutrition&nbsp;&nbsp;(59)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="9">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oncology retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(233)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="1905">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ophthalmology&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="131">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;psychiatry&nbsp;&nbsp;(49)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;psychology&nbsp;&nbsp;(157)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="318">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pulmonology&nbsp;&nbsp;(42)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="570">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual and marital therapy&nbsp;&nbsp;(20)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="320">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sports&nbsp;&nbsp;(23)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="266">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;surgery retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(89)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="242">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;urology&nbsp;&nbsp;(24)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1815">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Communications&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1117">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ecology&nbsp;&nbsp;(24)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="418">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;economics&nbsp;&nbsp;(40)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="572">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;education&nbsp;&nbsp;(25)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="212">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;engineering&nbsp;&nbsp;(69)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="395">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;environmental retractions&nbsp;&nbsp;(70)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="368">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;environmental science&nbsp;&nbsp;(105)</option>
  <option class="level-2" value="91">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;climate change&nbsp;&nbsp;(27)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1222">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;film studies&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="915">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food science&nbsp;&nbsp;(26)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="278">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foreign aid&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="613">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forensics&nbsp;&nbsp;(3)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1465">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GcMAF&nbsp;&nbsp;(1)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1273">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ground water&nbsp;&nbsp;(6)</option>
  <option class="level-1" value="1706">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;history&nbsp;&nbsp;(5)</option>
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